议论文

　　议论文要求学生就某一方面的问题通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来发表自己的看法。一般来说，议论文由论点、论据、论证三部分组成。要做到：1)论点要正确无误。2)论据要可靠充分。论据可以是人们公认的真理，也可以是经过实践考证的经典著作。3)论证要合理严密。人们常用的论证方法有归纳法、推理法、对比法。议论文一般按提出问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。

　　(一)议论文的写作步骤

　　1、引言(introduction)：由于英语作文受时间、字数的限制，因此，在引言段中作者就

　　必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对

　　什么等。

　　2、展开段(supporting sentences)：展开段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据(adequate

　　proofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一两句话分别进行

　　阐述。

　　3、结论(conclusion)：结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应，

　　但不能照搬前面的原话。

　　(二)议论文的类型

　　英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:

　　1、对问题“一分为二”的观点。这类文章大多结合当前时事，要求学生就某种现象谈其利弊。如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。此类文章的模式及套语如下，仅供参考：

　　第一段：

　　nowadays more and more people…/… plays an important part in… like everything else… has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects (both advantages and disadvantages). generally, the favorable aspects (advantages) can be listed as follows.

　　第二段：

　　first…secondly…in addition(what’s more)…

　　第三段：

　　every coin has two sides. the negative aspects (advantages) are also apparent (obvious). to begin with… to make matters worse… worst of all…

　　第四段：

　　through above analysis/all things considered, we can see that the positive aspects(advantages) outweigh the negative aspects(disadvantages). therefore …

　　范文：讨论电脑的利弊。

　　computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society. they are widely used almost in every field, such as business, transportation and education. we use computers to process and store all kinds of information. also, they are entering ordinary families. we use computers to control electrical appliances and to entertain ourselves by playing games on them. without computers, the world would not be what it is today.

　　in spite of this, computers cause problems. for instance, a great system will break down when only a single computer goes wrong. it is possible that somebody breaks into a computer system to steal secret information. we cannot rely so much on computers.

　　so we should develop more advanced and reliable computers in order to make our life more colorful and meaningful.

　　2、“两者选一”的观点。这要求学生在a和b之间作一选择或比较，如“乘火车还是乘飞机”。

　　第一段：

　　some people hold the opinion that (a) is superior to (b) in many ways. others , however, argue that (b) is much better. personally, i would prefer (a) because (a) has more advantages.

　　第二段：

　　there are many reasons why i prefer (a). the main reason is that …. another reason is that…

　　第三段：

　　of course, choosing (b) also has advantages to some extent.(give one or two advantages of b)

　　第四段：

　　but if all these factors are considered, (a) is much better that (b).from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…

　　3、“我认为……”即“我的观点”型。如“一些学生喜欢拿自己的同学开恶作剧的玩笑，谈谈你的看法。”

　　some of the students around us like playing practical jokes on others at school, but frankly speaking, i don’t think it’s wise to do this kind of thing, for they often lead to a lot of problems.

　　in my opinion, playing tricks on your classmates might ruin the friendship between you and your friends. as young students, we sometimes do something only for fun without thinking of others’ feelings. playing some jokes may more or less hurt your friends.

　　what’s more, playing tricks on others may do harm to their bodies. the victims of the jokes might suffer from severe pain not only mentally but also physically.

　　last but not least, humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.

　　if a person wants to make true friends, he must learn to foster the friendship which can enrich his life. he should learn to treat his friends sincerely and frankly, to give advice and to help whenever they need but never to` play meaningless practical jokes on them .

　　4、图表作文。图表式作文通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。写作要点：不需要把表中的数据一一列出，只要选几个有代表性的数据加以叙述并结合数据抓住实质简而议之。

　　下面的模式可供参考：

　　模式一：

　　第一段：

　　… is known as one of the most serious problems in today’s world, as is shown in the grapy,/according to the figures shown in the grapy,(表述图表中的数字)

　　第二段：

　　(陈述理由)furthermore,(继续陈述理由) as a result,(引起的后果…的减少或增长)(…experiencing a decrease/increase)

　　第三段：

　　so i believe…will be achieved through efforts of every person.

　　模式二：

　　第一段：

　　from…we can see the increase/decrease(描述数字的句型)…was/added up to(数字) in(时间), while it increased/decreasedto(数字and数字) in (时间and时间) respectively. therefore, it can be predicted that …will further increase/decrease (is/are to be on the rise/decrease) in the future.

　　第二段：

　　there are chiefly three reasons for the rise/decrease. firstly…secondly…, apart from the above reasons…

　　第三段：

　　in spite of what is mentioned above, there are still… the grapy/table indicted… hence, the situation is still serious and how to …is still a challenging task.

　　5、看图写话。根据图画写故事，伴之以简单议论或者简述图画内容，透过现象看本质，以议论为主。

　　以XX年的高考作文为例。图片上女儿在学骑自行车，奶奶、父亲和一手拿着急救箱的母亲三人满头大汗地扶着车，深怕女儿摔着了。图片下有一行字：你们让我自己骑好吗?这仍是一个涉及到孩子怎样独立的问题。此类文章可采用以下的模式：

　　1. outline the reasons/the cause of the problem.

　　2. many ways can be used to solve this serious problem, but the following ones may be effective.

　　3. first of all…besides…/another way to solve the problem of …is…finally…

　　4. from my experience, i feel there is no shortcut in doing everything./ maybe these are not the best

　　or only measures we can take. but it should be noted that we should take great pains to…